Armenian life extends far beyond the borders of the Republic of Armenia.
Across several continents, Armenians have built communities with:
- churches;
- schools;
- cultural organizations;
- newspapers;
- businesses;
- youth groups;
- community centers.
Some of these communities are centuries old.
Others grew through major twentieth- and twenty-first-century migrations.
Together they form the global Armenian diaspora.
Understanding Armenian communities around the world is important because Armenian identity has never existed in only one geographic location.
For centuries, Armenians moved through:
- trade;
- education;
- migration;
- persecution;
- political change.
The Armenian Genocide created one of the most devastating periods of displacement, but diaspora history did not begin or end with that tragedy.
Armenian merchants once connected cities across Europe and Asia.
Armenian churches developed in Jerusalem centuries ago.
Communities flourished in places such as Constantinople, New Julfa and Tbilisi.
Later generations created major Armenian centers in:
- Los Angeles;
- Paris;
- Beirut;
- Buenos Aires;
Each community developed differently.
Yet all became part of a larger Armenian world.
What Is the Armenian Diaspora?
The Armenian diaspora refers broadly to Armenians and Armenian communities living outside the Republic of Armenia.
The term includes people whose families left the homeland:
- recently;
- centuries ago.
Not all diaspora Armenians have the same history.
A family in Moscow may have migrated from Armenia during the last few decades.
A family in France may descend from survivors of the Armenian Genocide.
A family in Jerusalem may belong to a community with roots reaching much further back.
This diversity is essential to understanding the diaspora.
Diaspora Is Not One Community
It is more accurate to speak of:
Armenian diasporas
in the plural sense of different experiences.
Communities vary in:
- language;
- religion;
- political history;
- level of assimilation.
Yet they often maintain connections through shared:
- ancestry;
- cultural memory;
Why Armenians Built Communities Abroad
Armenian migration occurred for many reasons.
These included:
- commerce;
- education;
- war;
- forced displacement;
- economic opportunity.
Migration patterns often followed family networks.
Once one community became established, relatives and friends could join it.
This process helped create Armenian neighborhoods abroad.
Ancient and Medieval Armenian Diaspora Networks
Armenian diaspora history is older than the modern era.
Merchants, clergy and craftspeople established Armenian communities across many regions.
Historic Armenian presence can be found in places such as:
- Jerusalem;
- Venice;
- Isfahan;
These communities became important centers of:
- religion;
- scholarship;
Jerusalem
The Armenian presence in Jerusalem is one of the oldest continuously significant Armenian communities outside the Armenian homeland.
The Armenian Quarter of Jerusalem remains one of the traditional quarters of the Old City.
It contains:
- churches;
- monastic institutions;
- cultural heritage.
Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem
The Armenian Patriarchate became an important center of:
- religious life;
- manuscript preservation.
The community demonstrates how Armenian identity could survive for centuries within a major international sacred city.
New Julfa, Iran
One of the most important historic Armenian diaspora centers developed in New Julfa, a district of Isfahan in Iran.
Armenians were resettled there during the Safavid period.
Over time, the community became known for:
- trade;
- churches;
Armenian Merchants of New Julfa
New Julfa merchants participated in international commercial networks connecting:
- Persia;
- India;
Their success demonstrates the global character of Armenian economic history.
India
Armenian merchants also established important communities in parts of India.
Although these communities later became much smaller, they left behind:
- churches;
- cemeteries;
- historical records.
Their presence reveals how widely Armenian trade networks extended.
Venice
Venice became one of the great centers of Armenian scholarship through the Mekhitarist community on San Lazzaro degli Armeni.
The monastery preserved:
- manuscripts;
- books;
This helped make Venice an important cultural bridge between Armenians and Europe.
Constantinople / Istanbul
For centuries, Constantinople, modern Istanbul, was one of the most important Armenian urban centers.
Armenians there contributed to:
- commerce;
- architecture;
- publishing;
- education;
The community developed institutions that influenced Armenian life far beyond the city.
Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople
The Armenian Patriarchate became an important religious and communal institution under Ottoman rule.
It played a major role in organizing Armenian church life in the empire.
Armenian Intellectual Life in Constantinople
The city became a center of:
- Armenian newspapers;
- schools;
- writers;
Western Armenian literary culture developed strongly there.
The Armenian Genocide and Global Displacement
The Armenian Genocide transformed the global Armenian population.
Communities across the Ottoman Empire were destroyed.
Survivors fled to:
- Syria;
- Lebanon;
- France;
- the Americas.
This created major new diaspora centers.
Refugees Built New Institutions
Survivors often arrived with very little.
Yet they established:
- churches;
- schools;
- businesses;
These institutions allowed Armenian identity to continue.
Lebanon
Lebanon became one of the most important Armenian diaspora centers of the twentieth century.
Armenians settled particularly in and around Beirut.
Communities developed:
- schools;
- newspapers;
- churches;
- cultural organizations.
Bourj Hammoud
Bourj Hammoud became one of the most recognizable Armenian neighborhoods in the diaspora.
Its streets developed dense networks of:
- businesses;
- workshops;
For generations, Armenian language and culture were visible in everyday life.
Antelias
The Catholicosate of the Great House of Cilicia is based in Antelias, Lebanon.
This gives Lebanon special importance in Armenian Apostolic Church history.
Armenian Culture in Lebanon
Lebanese Armenians helped preserve:
- Western Armenian;
- theater;
- music;
The community also influenced later Armenian diaspora centers through migration.
Syria
Syria, especially Aleppo, historically supported a major Armenian community.
After the Armenian Genocide, many survivors settled there.
Aleppo became an important center of Armenian:
- churches;
- schools;
Aleppo
For generations, Armenian life in Aleppo was highly organized.
The community maintained:
- churches;
- cultural associations;
- Armenian schools.
The Syrian civil war later caused extensive displacement.
Many Syrian Armenians moved to:
- Armenia;
- Lebanon;
- Europe;
- North America.
France
France developed one of the largest and most influential Armenian communities in Europe.
Major centers include:
- Paris;
- Marseille;
Many families descend from Genocide survivors who arrived during the twentieth century.
Marseille
Marseille became especially important as an arrival point for Armenian refugees.
Over time, the community built:
- churches;
- businesses;
Paris
Paris became an important center of Armenian:
- intellectual life;
- culture;
Armenian artists and writers participated in the broader French cultural world.
French-Armenian Identity
Later generations increasingly became fully integrated into French society.
Yet Armenian identity remained visible through:
- organizations;
- churches;
This is an important example of successful bicultural identity.
The United States
The United States has several historic Armenian population centers.
These include:
- California;
- Massachusetts;
- New York;
- New Jersey.
Migration occurred in different periods.
Fresno
Fresno was one of the earliest major centers of Armenian-American life.
Armenian immigrants became involved in:
- agriculture;
- local business.
The region has deep significance in Armenian-American history.
Los Angeles
Today, greater Los Angeles is one of the most important Armenian diaspora centers in the world.
The community includes Armenians with roots in:
- Armenia;
- Lebanon;
- Iran;
This creates extraordinary cultural diversity.
Glendale
Glendale is particularly associated with Armenian life.
Armenian culture is visible through:
- businesses;
- schools;
- churches;
- public life.
For many diaspora Armenians, Glendale represents one of the rare places outside Armenia where Armenian identity is highly visible every day.
East Coast Armenian Communities
Older Armenian-American communities developed in places such as:
- Boston;
- New York.
Many trace their roots to earlier migration periods.
Their institutions preserve over a century of diaspora history.
Canada
Canada supports active Armenian communities, especially in:
- Montreal;
These communities include both older diaspora families and newer immigrants.
Montreal
Montreal developed important Armenian:
- churches;
- schools;
- cultural organizations.
Its multilingual environment creates a distinctive Armenian-Canadian identity.
Toronto
Toronto’s Armenian community has grown through several migration waves.
Families may come from:
- Armenia;
- Middle Eastern diaspora communities.
Russia
Russia is home to a very large Armenian population outside Armenia.
Armenian migration to Russian territories has a long history.
Connections increased significantly during:
- imperial;
- Soviet;
- post-Soviet periods.
Moscow
Moscow is one of the major centers of Armenian life in Russia.
Armenians work across:
- business;
- culture;
- professional fields.
Frequent travel between Russia and Armenia has historically created strong transnational family connections.
Southern Russia
Armenian communities are also historically significant in parts of southern Russia.
Some settlements have existed for generations.
These communities may have different histories from recent migrants.
Georgia
Georgia has historically contained major Armenian communities.
The capital, Tbilisi, played an especially important role in Armenian cultural history.
Tbilisi and Armenian Culture
Tbilisi became home to important Armenian:
- writers;
- artists;
In the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the city was one of the great centers of Armenian intellectual life in the Caucasus.
Sayat-Nova
The famous poet-musician Sayat-Nova is strongly associated with Tbilisi’s multicultural world.
His life illustrates how Armenian cultural creativity developed within multilingual urban environments.
Javakhk / Javakheti
Parts of southern Georgia also contain longstanding Armenian communities.
These communities demonstrate that Armenian identity outside modern Armenia is not always the result of recent diaspora migration.
Some populations have deep local roots.
Iran
Iran has one of the oldest surviving Armenian communities outside Armenia.
Important centers historically included:
- New Julfa;
- Tehran;
- northern regions.
Armenian Churches in Iran
Historic Armenian churches and monasteries provide strong evidence of the community’s long presence.
The Armenian Monastic Ensembles of Iran are recognized internationally as major heritage sites.
Iranian Armenian Identity
Iranian Armenians developed a distinctive cultural experience combining:
- Armenian traditions;
- life within Iranian society.
Many later migrated to:
- Los Angeles;
- other diaspora centers.
Argentina
Argentina contains one of the most important Armenian communities in South America.
The community is centered largely in Buenos Aires.
Buenos Aires
Armenian organizations established:
- schools;
- churches;
- cultural institutions.
Later generations became deeply integrated into Argentine society while maintaining Armenian cultural identity.
Armenian-Argentine Identity
A person can be both:
- fully Argentine;
- deeply Armenian.
This dual identity demonstrates how diaspora cultures evolve.
Uruguay
Uruguay also developed an active Armenian community.
Though smaller than Argentina’s, it has played an important role in South American Armenian life.
Brazil
Brazil contains Armenian communities, particularly in major cities such as São Paulo.
Community institutions help preserve:
- religion;
- cultural memory.
Australia
Australia has Armenian communities concentrated especially around:
- Sydney;
The geographic distance from Armenia is enormous.
Yet community institutions have allowed Armenian identity to continue.
Sydney
Sydney supports:
- Armenian churches;
- cultural organizations;
Multiple migration waves created a diverse population.
Melbourne
Melbourne also contains Armenian community organizations and families from different diaspora backgrounds.
United Kingdom
The United Kingdom has a smaller but historically significant Armenian presence.
London has hosted:
- Armenian organizations;
- churches;
- cultural activity.
The city also became important for Armenian students and professionals.
Germany
Germany’s Armenian population has increased over time.
Communities include:
- older diaspora families;
- newer migrants.
Cultural organizations and churches help maintain connection.
Netherlands and Belgium
Smaller Armenian communities also exist across Western Europe.
Even communities without dense Armenian neighborhoods can maintain identity through:
- weekend programs;
- regional events.
Greece
Greece became an important destination for Armenian refugees after the Genocide.
Community institutions developed especially in urban centers.
The Greek and Armenian peoples also share long histories as neighboring Christian cultures.
Cyprus
Cyprus has a longstanding Armenian community.
Its schools and churches are important examples of Armenian institutional continuity in the eastern Mediterranean.
Egypt
Egypt once supported a significant Armenian community, particularly in:
- Cairo;
Armenians played roles in:
- commerce;
- arts;
- public life.
Although the community later declined numerically, its historical contribution remains important.
Ethiopia
Armenians also established a notable community in Ethiopia.
One famous connection involves Armenian musicians who contributed to Ethiopian musical life in the twentieth century.
This is a fascinating example of Armenian diaspora influence far from the traditional centers.
The Middle East as a Historic Armenian Cultural Center
For much of the twentieth century, Middle Eastern Armenian communities played an enormous role in preserving:
- Western Armenian;
- education;
Lebanon and Syria were especially important.
Later migration transferred parts of these traditions to:
- Europe;
- North America.
Diaspora Communities Create Diaspora Communities
Migration often happens in stages.
For example:
Western Armenia → Lebanon → Los Angeles
This means a Los Angeles Armenian family may preserve cultural traditions shaped in Lebanon as much as in Armenia.
Diaspora culture can therefore have several layers.
Western Armenian
Western Armenian became particularly important in communities formed from Ottoman Armenian survivors.
It survived strongly in:
- Lebanon;
- Syria;
Today, preserving Western Armenian remains a major cultural concern.
Eastern Armenian
Eastern Armenian is widely used among migrants from Armenia and other communities connected with the former Soviet world.
Modern diaspora centers increasingly include both varieties.
Why Language Matters
Language allows communities to preserve:
- songs;
- literature;
- humor;
- family expressions.
But language fluency varies greatly across diaspora generations.
Armenian Schools Around the World
Schools became one of the most important diaspora institutions.
They provide structured education in:
- Armenian language;
- history;
Some communities support full-time schools.
Others depend on weekend programs.
Armenian Churches Around the World
Churches have historically served as major organizing centers.
They provide:
- worship;
- cultural activities;
For many older communities, the church was the first stable institution established after migration.
Armenian Apostolic Communities
The Armenian Apostolic Church remains the historically largest Armenian Christian tradition.
Its diaspora organization includes communities connected with different ecclesiastical jurisdictions.
Armenian Catholic Communities
Armenian Catholics also established significant diaspora institutions.
Their communities preserved Armenian liturgical traditions while belonging to the Catholic communion.
Armenian Evangelical Communities
Armenian Evangelical churches became important in several diaspora centers as well.
They contributed to:
- education;
Religious Diversity
A complete view of Armenian communities must include:
- Apostolic Christians;
- Catholics;
- Protestants;
- secular Armenians.
Culture should not be reduced to one religious identity.
Armenian Businesses Around the World
Entrepreneurship has historically played a major role in diaspora life.
Businesses helped families become economically established.
They also created:
- jobs;
- social networks.
Historic Armenian Merchants
Armenian merchant networks once connected regions from:
- India;
- Persia;
This commercial tradition demonstrates that Armenian globalization is centuries old.
Modern Armenian Entrepreneurs
Today Armenians participate in industries ranging from:
- technology;
- medicine;
- retail;
Professional networks can help younger Armenians connect culture with career development.
Armenian Media Around the World
Diaspora media includes:
- newspapers;
- television;
- radio;
- websites;
Historically, newspapers were especially important for keeping distant communities informed.
Digital Media Changes Everything
Today an Armenian in Sydney can instantly follow:
- Yerevan news;
- Los Angeles community events;
- French-Armenian cultural content.
This creates a much more interconnected global Armenian world.
Armenian Music in the Diaspora
Diaspora communities preserved and transformed Armenian music.
Western Armenian and Armenian-American musicians maintained musical traditions involving:
- oud;
- clarinet;
Other communities preserved:
- folk;
- church music.
Armenian Dance
Dance groups exist across diaspora communities.
They teach:
- Kochari;
- regional dance styles.
Dance is particularly useful because participation does not require fluent Armenian.
Armenian Food Around the World
Food adapts strongly to migration.
An Armenian family in Lebanon may cook differently from one in Armenia.
An Armenian family in California may combine several diaspora culinary traditions.
This diversity does not make any one community less Armenian.
Food as a Map of Migration
A family recipe may reveal where the family lived.
One dish can carry influences from:
- ancestral homeland;
- Lebanon;
Cuisine becomes a record of migration.
Armenian Genocide Memory Across the Diaspora
Genocide remembrance remains a major unifying element in many global Armenian communities.
April 24 is marked through:
- memorial services;
- marches;
- educational events.
Different Communities, Shared Memory
A person in:
- Paris;
- Buenos Aires;
- Los Angeles
may participate in very different local events.
Yet the historical memory connects them.
Genocide Memory Should Not Define Everything
Armenian history must include the Genocide.
But Armenian identity is much larger.
Communities should also teach:
- ancient history;
- art;
- music;
A culture should remember loss without becoming defined only by loss.
Connection With Armenia
Diaspora Armenians maintain different levels of connection to Armenia.
Some visit frequently.
Others have never been.
Some speak Armenian fluently.
Others do not.
There is no single correct diaspora experience.
Travel
Visiting Armenia can strengthen connection.
Young people may encounter:
- language;
- landscapes;
The homeland becomes physically real.
Modern Armenia vs Imagined Armenia
Diaspora families sometimes preserve an idealized image of Armenia.
Modern Armenia, however, is a living society.
A healthy relationship requires understanding both:
- historical homeland;
- contemporary country.
Remittances and Support
Diaspora families have often provided financial assistance to relatives and organizations in Armenia.
This creates strong transnational economic relationships.
Charity
Diaspora organizations also support:
- education;
- humanitarian relief;
- cultural projects.
This can strengthen ties between Armenia and communities abroad.
A Two-Way Relationship
The relationship should not be only:
“Diaspora helps Armenia.”
Armenia also provides diaspora communities with:
- contemporary culture;
- language resources;
- artists;
Healthy cultural exchange moves in both directions.
Global Armenian Identity
Modern communications have created a new possibility:
a genuinely global Armenian identity.
A young Armenian in France may follow:
- Armenian musicians in Yerevan;
- creators in Los Angeles.
Distance matters less than before.
Digital Armenian Communities
Online communities can connect Armenians based on:
- interests;
- profession;
This can complement traditional institutions.
City-Based Connections
Someone moving to a new country should be able to find:
- local Armenians;
- organizations;
Digital directories can make this easier.
Zmruxt as a Global Connector
A platform like Zmruxt can help organize the global Armenian world into easy-to-find sections.
Possible tools include:
- community directory;
- city pages;
- event calendar;
- business listings;
- youth opportunities.
Armenian Community Directory
A useful directory could organize information by:
Country → City → Community Resources
For example:
United States → Los Angeles → Schools, Churches, Cultural Organizations
This would provide immediate practical value.
Community Pages
Dedicated pages could cover:
- Armenian Life in Paris;
- Armenian Life in Beirut;
- Armenian Life in Buenos Aires;
- Armenian Life in Sydney.
Each page can link back to this global guide.
Youth Connections
Young Armenians increasingly connect based on interests rather than only geography.
A global platform can help someone find:
- Armenian entrepreneurs;
- students;
This expands the meaning of community.
Professional Networks
Diaspora identity can include more than:
- church;
Professional Armenian networks can help build:
- mentorship;
This is especially important for younger generations.
Global Armenian Friendships
The internet makes it possible for an Armenian teenager in California to become friends with someone in:
- Yerevan;
These relationships can make Armenian identity feel current rather than historical.
Assimilation Across Communities
Every diaspora community faces some level of assimilation.
The process tends to increase across generations.
Language often declines first.
Then participation in cultural institutions may weaken.
Large Communities Are Not Immune
Even in Los Angeles, Armenian language can disappear within families.
Community size helps preservation but does not guarantee it.
Families still need active participation.
Small Communities Face Different Challenges
A small Armenian population may not support:
- full-time schools;
- multiple churches.
Digital education becomes especially important in these locations.
Regional Cooperation
Smaller communities can organize:
- regional festivals;
- online classes.
Modern technology makes cooperation easier.
Intermarriage and Global Armenian Identity
Many diaspora Armenians marry people from other backgrounds.
This creates culturally mixed families.
Such families can still preserve Armenian heritage when both parents support cultural education.
Welcome Rather Than Exclusion
Treating mixed families as outsiders weakens the community.
Welcoming them creates more people who:
- care;
A culture survives through inclusion.
The Question of “Real Armenian”
Global communities sometimes compare authenticity.
Someone may say:
“They don’t speak Armenian.”
or:
“They are too assimilated.”
Such competition is usually harmful.
There are many ways to be connected to Armenian heritage.
Cultural Knowledge Still Matters
Inclusion does not mean cultural knowledge is unimportant.
Communities should encourage people to:
- learn history;
- explore language.
The goal is invitation, not gatekeeping.
Teaching Children About the Global Armenian World
Diaspora children should learn that Armenians live in many countries.
This helps them understand that their local community is part of something much larger.
Ages 0–6
Show a world map.
Mark:
- Armenia;
- their home country.
Say:
“Armenian families live in many places.”
Ages 6–14
Choose five cities:
- Los Angeles;
- Paris;
- Beirut;
- Buenos Aires;
Let children research one Armenian community.
Ages 14–22
Older students can compare:
- migration history;
- language retention;
This teaches both Armenian and global history.
Create a Family Migration Map
Map your family’s journey.
Examples:
Western Armenia → Lebanon → Canada
or:
Iran → Los Angeles
or:
Armenia → Russia
This turns diaspora history into personal geography.
Record Why Your Family Moved
Ask:
Why did our family leave?
When?
Who went first?
Migration history can disappear quickly if it is not recorded.
Community Oral History
Local Armenian organizations should collect migration stories.
A community archive can include:
- interviews;
- photographs;
This gives future generations evidence of how the community developed.
Diaspora History Is Armenian History
This is crucial.
Armenian history does not stop at Armenia’s borders.
The story of Armenians in:
- Beirut;
- Los Angeles;
- Paris
is also Armenian history.
These communities created new cultural forms that became part of the larger Armenian experience.
The Future of Armenian Communities
The future will depend on whether diaspora institutions can adapt.
Traditional institutions remain important.
But younger generations also need:
- digital connection;
- career opportunities;
- modern cultural content.
Preserve and Innovate
The strongest approach is not choosing between:
tradition or modernity.
It is combining them.
Preserve:
- language;
At the same time, create new:
- music;
- media;
Global Coordination
Armenian organizations in different countries often work separately.
Digital platforms can help them share:
- educational resources;
- events;
This could strengthen the entire global Armenian network.
Frequently Asked Questions About Armenian Communities Around the World
Where are the largest Armenian diaspora communities?
Major Armenian communities exist in countries including Russia, the United States, France, Lebanon, Iran, Argentina, Canada and Australia, though estimates vary by source and definition.
Why are Armenians spread around the world?
Armenian migration resulted from trade, economic opportunity, political change, persecution, the Armenian Genocide and more recent migration.
What are the major Armenian communities in the United States?
Greater Los Angeles is the most visible major center today, while historic Armenian-American communities also exist in Fresno, Massachusetts, New York and New Jersey.
Why is Lebanon important to the Armenian diaspora?
Lebanon became a major center after the Armenian Genocide and developed strong Armenian schools, churches, media and cultural organizations.
Where are Armenians located in South America?
Argentina, especially Buenos Aires, is one of the major South American Armenian centers. Smaller communities also exist in Uruguay and Brazil.
Are there Armenians in Iran?
Yes. Iran has one of the oldest historic Armenian communities, with important centers such as New Julfa and Tehran.
Why is Jerusalem important to Armenian history?
Jerusalem contains an ancient Armenian religious community, including the Armenian Quarter and Armenian Patriarchate.
Do all diaspora Armenians speak Armenian?
No. Language fluency differs considerably across communities and generations. Both Eastern and Western Armenian are used in the diaspora.
How do Armenian communities preserve their identity?
They rely on family traditions, churches, schools, language programs, food, music, dance, cultural organizations and digital media.
Can someone belong to the Armenian diaspora if they were born outside Armenia?
Yes. Many diaspora Armenians were born outside Armenia and may belong to families that have lived abroad for several generations.
Conclusion
Armenian communities around the world reveal one of the most remarkable features of Armenian history:
the ability to build cultural life in new places while maintaining connections across generations.
Armenians created communities in:
- Jerusalem;
- New Julfa;
- Beirut;
- Paris;
- Los Angeles;
- Buenos Aires.
Every community developed differently.
Some preserved Armenian language strongly.
Others became more linguistically assimilated.
Some centered heavily around church institutions.
Others developed broader secular cultural networks.
Yet together they created a global Armenian civilization beyond the boundaries of one state.
This is why the Armenian diaspora should never be treated merely as a population living away from Armenia.
Diaspora Armenians created:
- literature;
- music;
- schools;
- businesses;
They preserved traditions that might otherwise have disappeared.
They also developed new forms of Armenian identity shaped by the societies where they lived.
Today, technology creates another major turning point.
For the first time, Armenians across continents can communicate instantly.
A person in Los Angeles can discover an Armenian community in Sydney.
A teenager in Paris can watch cultural content from Yerevan.
A family in Argentina can research an ancestral village online.
The global Armenian community is no longer connected only through migration and institutions.
It can now become digitally connected as well.
The challenge is to use that connection wisely:
to preserve what matters, welcome younger generations, support Armenian communities everywhere and make the global Armenian world easier to discover.
Because Armenia may be the homeland, but Armenian culture has also built homes across the world.
Explore more Armenian diaspora communities, culture, identity and global Armenian life on Zmruxt.
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